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Wednesday, 2 January 2013
Drug Users Fact From Northern Ireland
The extent of drugs misuse has increased significantly since 1992, up until which time it was considered that the problem in Northern Ireland was relatively limited. There are now more young people experimenting with drugs. Many young people see using drugs as part of youth culture and as “normative behaviour”.
The 1992 and 1994 HSBC
Surveys indicated that the percentage of 5th formers who had been offered drugs
rose steadily from 25.5% to 41.9%. By 1998 the figure had risen to 52%.
The findings in the
surveys conducted during 1995-98 indicated that the most popular drugs used
were cannabis,
LSD and Ecstasy. Solvents tended to be used by more young people than heroin
and cocaine.
In 1999 a report on
adult’s knowledge and awareness of illicit drugs was published, using
information from the Northern
Ireland Omnibus Survey carried out in February 1997. The main findings
indicated that approximately 25%
of all those aged 16-59 reported that they had ever taken an illicit drug. The most popular drug used
was cannabis (18%). 34% of adults thought that drugs were a normal part of life for many or most
14-17 year olds and 48% for 18-25 year olds. Only 10% thought that they were a
normal part of life for many or most 10-13 year olds.
Cannabis and Ecstasy
continue to be the main illicit drugs used in Northern Ireland. While research and surveys show that
few people are actually using heroin or cocaine, it is accepted that in some localities
the use of these drugs is becoming part of a drug taking culture.
Drug Society for Northern
Ireland. [Online Article] Available at:
<http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/drugs_strategy.pdf> [Accessed on 29th
December 2012]
Research For AIDS / HIV
History
of Aids
Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome. First began in 1981, was found by doctors in Los Angeles by healthy
men developing pneumonia caused by the microorganism pneumicystics carinii.
Researchers found that the young men were homosexuals, many suffering from
other STI's.
The symptoms
were found in other sections of the population who were not homosexuals,
haemophiliacs and persons injecting drugs such as heroin.
Many of the
injecting drug users did not sterilise their needles and shared them among
other addicts. It became clear that AIDS was not only a sexual transmitted
disease but it could also be transmitted through blood.
It was found
that there could be a period of up to 10 years between being infected with the
virus and developing the symptoms. For each person infected by AIDS there could
be more than 100 others who were carrying the virus and developing the
symptoms.
History
of HIV
The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. A virus like HIV is 1/10, 000 of a millimetre in
diameter and can only be seen with an electron microscope.
- HIV has been detected in people with AIDS
- People who develop AIDS are those who were HIV antibody positive or who have been shown to carrying the virus
- HIV has been shown to infect cells in the immune system so the role of HIV in causing AIDS makes biological sense.
The human body
has a very efficient defence mechanism to protect against infections by viruses
and other germs. The 'immune defence system' operates by the production of
antibodies that destroy the virus. The unique feature of HIV, which makes it so
dangerous, is that the part of our body that it attacks is cells vital to the
body's immune defence.
There are two
types of HIV, HIV1 and HIV2. While the chemical and genetic structure of HIV 2
is similar to HIV1, there are differences. However HIV2 is not as easily
transmitted as HIV1 especially by mother and child.
Hubley, J. (2002) The AIDS Handbook. Third Edition edn, McMillan
Detection Devices
Intrusion detection system
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors network or
system activities for malicious activities.
They are primarily focused on
identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, and reporting
attempts.
Three main types of IDS:
1. Network intrusion detection system
(NIDS)
2. Host-based intrusion
detection system (HIDS)
3. Stack-based intrusion detection
system (SIDS)
Intrusion
Dectection System. [Online Article]. Available at: <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system> [Accessed on 28th
December 2012]
Host-based intrusion detection system
This monitors and analyzes the
internals of a computing system as well as (in some cases) the network packets
on its network interfaces (just like a network-based intrusion detection system
(NIDS) would do).
Host Bases Intrusion Detection System. [Online
Article]. Available at < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system> [Accessed on
28th December 2012]
Research Into Syringe
Design
History
All of them
have the same general features, including a barrel, plunger, needle, and cap.
The barrel is the part of the hypodermic needle that contains the material that
is injected or withdrawn. A movable plunger is contained within this tube. The
width of the barrel is variable. Some manufacturers make short, wide tubes, and
others make long, thin ones. The exact design will depend to some extent on how
the device will be used. The end of the barrel to which the needle is attached
is tapered. This ensures that only the desired amount of material will be
dispensed through the needle. At the base of the barrel away from the needle
attachment, two arms flare out. These pieces allow the needle user to press on
the plunger with the thumb while holding the tube in place with two fingers.
The other end of the barrel is tapered.
The plunger, which is
responsible for creating the vacuum to draw up materials and then discharge
them, is made of a long, straight piece with a handle at one end and a rubber
plunger head on the other. The rubber head fits snugly against the walls of the
barrel, making an airtight seal. In addition to ensuring an accurate amount of
material is drawn in, the squeegee action of the plunger head keeps materials off
the inner walls of the tube. The needle is the part of the device that actually pierces the layers of the skin. Depending on how deep the injection or fluid extraction will be, the needle orifice can be thinner or wider, and its length varies. It can also be permanently affixed to the body of the syringe or interchangeable. For the latter type of system, a variety of needles would be available to use for different applications. To prevent accidental needle stick injuries, a protective cap is placed over the top of the needle when it is not in use.
How Products are Made. [Online
Article] Syringe.
Available at: <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Syringe.html#ixzz2GNJRY7Yl>
[Accessed on 28th December 2012]
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